Friday, November 30, 2012

Wonderful book …

… ‘Always Looking,’ by John Updike - NYTimes.com. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)
It's one I chose for The Inquirer's holiday book roundup.

Not folksy …

Sacred Language for Sacred Acts | First Things. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)


In the post-Vatican II period, Polish translators followed the classic understanding of liturgical Latin and deliberately adopted a high, literary Polish for rendering the Missal of 1970 into their native language. English translators did exactly the opposite, stripping the Latin of its distinctive sacral vocabulary and images, and flattening out the rhythms of liturgical Latin. The results were not happy: collects that informed God of what God presumably already knew (about God’s doings or our needs), and then made anodyne requisites of the Most High; eucharistic prayers that eliminated sacral words and biblical images; post-Communion prayers that, like the nonsense cited above, sounded like requests made to a therapist or dentist.
Indeed.

Not so fast …





The linguist Sarah Ogilvie, a former director of the Australian National Dictionary Centre who herself worked as an editor for the O.E.D., has gained considerable attention for her new book, “Words of the World: The Global History of the Oxford English Dictionary.” An article about the book in the Guardian—excerpted on Gawker and many other places, and widely retweeted—highlighted the claim that Robert Burchfield, the editor of the four-volume “Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary” published from 1972 to 1986, “covertly deleted thousands of words because of their foreign origins.” 

This claim is completely bogus.

Living with...

...The politics of reading

This, my second reading cycle, was coterminous with an ideological shift. Big government, the ambivalent climate change debate, and terrorism all focused my mind on the need to relook at my beliefs. The transformation was slow but definitive. It was also more full-bodied in that it encouraged me to hold disparate views culled from different ideologies without bracketing myself within a framework. I realised that I was left-leaning on certain issues (gay marriage) but right-leaning on others (big government). I started calling myself a libertarian.

Thought for the day …


Political correctness does not legislate tolerance; it only organizes hatred.
— Jacques Barzun, born on this date in 1907

Counsel from Mr.Maugham …

… W. Somerset Maugham Contemplates the Future of American Writers - WNYC. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

While it is true that Maugham never practiced medicine, it is also true that he never relinquished his license to practice.

Sounds bad to me …

… Leveson urges new independent regulator for UK press — CNN.com. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

Free means free. A regulated press is not a free press.

Vintage phrase …

… BBC News - Who, What, Why: Who first called it a 'fiscal cliff'? (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

… it wasn't until Ben Bernanke, chairman of the Federal Reserve, used it in a speech to a congressional committee in February of this year, in reference to the events of 1 January 2013, that the phrase leapt into the mainstream.

The report everyone waited for...

...Fleet Street’s grim reaper
Mr Cameron does not want a press law, and would prefer the industry to come up with a tough alternative. He fears a slippery slope to state meddling. Ofcom is a powerful regulatory body, he pointed out—and “we should be trying to reduce concentrations of power.” Ed Miliband, Labour’s leader, is keen on tougher regulation, and would embrace a law imposing it. Nick Clegg, the deputy prime minister, also takes a harder line than his coalition partner. Mr Cameron’s own party is split. Some senior ministers and many old hands fervently oppose parliamentary meddling in principle. But a significant number of Tory MPs, many of them newly-arrived, are more amenable. There could be a parliamentary majority for Lord Justice Leveson’s proposals.

Unconventional heroism …

… Tolstoy And The Tao | The American Conservative. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)




… the prudent man — which is to say the virtuous man — is one who senses the currents of events, and adjusts himself to “surf” atop them (to use Noah’s metaphor). Taoism, as I understand it, is not a moral code but a method. Taoism is consonant with a philosophical conservatism in that it recognizes the possibility that things we actively do to deal with an evil may lead to worse evils. Hence prudence, caution, patience. Taoism can deal with the tragic sense.

Thought for the day …

Literature adds to reality, it does not simply describe it. It enriches the necessary competencies that daily life requires and provides; and in this respect, it irrigates the deserts that our lives have already become.
— C.S. Lewis, born on this date in 1898

Wednesday, November 28, 2012

Thou shalt not …

… The Seven Deadly Sins of Screenwriting - Speakeasy - WSJ.

There would surely be mo' better movies if these rules were adhered to more.

No mere aesthete …

… This Strange and Contradictory Poet | Standpoint. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

Keats is my favorite poet, and the favorite of many poets.

Lingering concerns …





‘Why don’t we share some appetizers to start?’ one of us suggested.
‘Redundant,’ I muttered to myself. Appetizers are starters; either cut ‘to start’ or change ‘appetizers’ to ‘plates’. Then again, in some cases, people order only appetizers, and don’t go on to have a main course. So was it actually essential to say ‘to start’, to clarify that, in this instance, everyone should feel free to order more food after the first sharing course? I wasn’t sure.

Professional dissident …

… Derrida: A Biography by Benoît Peeters - review | Books | The Guardian. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

Deconstruction holds that nothing is ever entirely itself. There is a certain otherness lurking within every assured identity. It seizes on the out-of-place element in a system, and uses it to show how the system is never quite as stable as it imagines. There is something within any structure that is part of it but also escapes its logic. It comes as no surprise that the author of these ideas was a Sephardic Jew from colonial Algeria, half in and half out of French society. If his language was French, he could also speak the patois of working-class Arabs. He would later return to his home country as a conscript in the French army, a classic instance of divided identity.

Thought for the day …

It is a myth, not a mandate, a fable not a logic, and symbol rather than a reason by which men are moved.
— Irwin Edman, born on this date in 1896

There will be blood...

...The Victims of the Penguin & Random House Merger: Literary Agents
One forecast seems safe to make; the merger will not be the last of its kind. According to Wylie, the future structure of the publishing industry will comprise of very big buyers and small independent players, with fewer houses in the middle.

Characters' conversations …

… George V. Higgins: An Appreciation of Boston’s Balzac | Mulholland Books. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)


Many of my critics seem to feel that they have to say, or strongly imply, that my gift for dialog is all I have; or that writing dialog is not the most important attribute a novelist can have . . .  A man or woman who does not write good dialog is not a first-rate writer. I do not believe that a writer who neglects or has not learned to write good dialog can be depended on for accuracy in his understanding of character and in his creation of characters. Therefore to dismiss good dialog so lightly is evidence of a critic’s incomplete understanding of what constitutes a good novel.
Indeed.

Knowledge and progress …

Book Review: Antifragile - WSJ.com. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

Something that is fragile, like a glass, can survive small shocks but not big ones. Something that is robust, like a rock, can survive both. But robust is only half way along the spectrum. There are things that are anti-fragile, meaning they actually improve when shocked, they feed on volatility. The restaurant sector is such a beast. So is the economy as a whole: It is precisely because of Joseph Schumpeter's "creative destruction" that it innovates, progresses and becomes resilient. The policy implications are clear: Bailouts risk making the economy more fragile.

A Leiter shade of ignorance …

as well as A Leiter Case for the Superfluousness of Religious Liberty | Online Library of Law and Liberty. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

[Leiter] spends three paragraphs, for example, dismissing Thomistic thought, betraying a stunningly shallow understanding of it and summarily concluding that there are no “lines of thought that converge on the conclusion that one should affirm a transcendent cause.” Never mind Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Anselm, Aquinas, Pascal, Descartes, Leibniz, Kant, and Newman, much less leading contemporary heirs to their project.

Thought for the day …

You must be in tune with the times and prepared to break with tradition.
— James Agee, born on this date in 1909

Missing in action …

… “Killing Them Softly,” “Rust and Bone” Reviews : The New Yorker. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)


If you want to grade postwar novelists on the strength of their ears alone—how fast they prick up at the crackle and blare of American speech—then [George V.] Higgins and Elmore Leonard, you could argue, lead the pack, ahead of more distinguished names. … One film paid suitable tribute: “The Friends of Eddie Coyle” (1973), directed by Peter Yates, and starring Robert Mitchum. The novel, of the same name, was Higgins’s first, and its opening sentence delivered the kind of measured slap that older readers would associate with their earliest hit of Hemingway: “Jackie Brown at twenty-six, with no expression on his face, said that he could get some guns.” 


Reputations …

… Ranking the Writers | The American Conservative. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

It's not a bad list at all. And the inclusion of James Truslow Adams is especially interesting. He was the guy who coined the phrase "the American Dream." The term is widely misunderstood, I guess because not many people read Adams anymore. But here is something I wrote about a while back:

… the phrase “American Dream” not only had a precise time and place of origin, it also had a specific originator: historian James Truslow Adams coined it in his 1931 book The American Epic. According to Adams, it is “that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position.” Small wonder the dream that the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. so famously had was, as he put it himself, “deeply in rooted in the American dream.”

Tyrannic treadmill …

… zmkc: A Girl after my Own Heart.

I am myself obsessive about cleaning up as I cook. It was drilled into me by my mother and grandmother. Actually, I think it's one of the pleasures of cooking. The orderliness enhances the meal, at least for me.

Be not afraid...

...Books and faith are good mix for Lynchburg professor
“Dr. Prior’s work is groundbreaking for several reasons, among them that it may be the first time a scholar of evangelical background and belief has affirmed the incomparable value of all forms of literature —virtuous and vile. From her own experience, the author makes the argument that even books with vulgar content can form a “backwoods path back to God, bramble-filled and broken, yes, but full of truth and wonder.’"

History lessons …

… PJ Media — Twilight Struggles, Then and Now: A Review of The Party Line.

Although The Party Line deals with ideas, it’s not the kind of “drama of ideas” in which the characters are the authors’ mouthpieces or nuance-free symbols of good or evil. The men and women who populate this play are living, breathing individuals whose various reactions to totalitarian ideas are recognizable to anyone who has observed such things in real life. Jihadist Islam may not be exactly the same thing as Soviet Communism, but it brings out the same range of responses in free people who are confronted with it. Now, as then, there are media figures who are breathtakingly willing to hide the monstrous truth about despotism in order to keep the despot happy. Now, as then, there are those who see the enemy plain, and are breathtakingly willing to put their lives on the line for liberty.

Thought for the day …

No society has been able to abolish human sadness, no political system can deliver us from the pain of living, from our fear of death, our thirst for the absolute. It is the human condition that directs the social condition, not vice versa.
— Eugène Ionesco, born on this date in 1909

Cheerful thoughts …

 Bryan Appleyard — I, Extinct; You, Robot. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

I suspect, as is more often the case than not, that the experts will be proved wrong in the event. But that could simply be because I think the universe is governed by God.

Fascinating …

 seachange — Elberry's Ghost.

I fear I am coming to share Elberry's cultural pessimism.

Thought for the day …

Uttering a word is like striking a note on the keyboard of the imagination.
— Ludwig Wittgenstein

Saturday, November 24, 2012

Sign of the times …

 The Curse Of Warholism | The New Republic. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

WHAT STRIKES ME as rather extraordinary, in Steinberg’s retreat into psychological self-analysis and in Danto’s dependence on philosophical categories, is an unwillingness to trust the experience of the eye. Now we all know that aesthetic experience is complex, ambiguous, subject to revision; and it goes without saying that there is no such thing as direct experience unmediated by ideas, theories, and earlier experiences. But behind both Steinberg’s and Danto’s thoughts I see a deep worry, a fear of the direct experiences that they believe so often misled those who first encountered the work of an earlier generation’s avant-garde masters. Steinberg cites Leo Stein, who bought Matisse’s work at the beginning of his career, as a man who was willing to take the risks needed to access “a novel and positive experience.” But when I turned from Steinberg’s essay to Leo Stein’s various recollections of his early encounters with the work of Cézanne and Matisse—you can find them in his book Appreciation and in a collection of letters called Journey Into the Self—I was struck by how different Stein’s experience was from Steinberg’s. Whatever elements of discomfort, whatever desire to embrace some fresh theory, were involved in Leo Stein’s encounters with modern art, the first and last thing was always the visual power of the work of art—not a problematized power, but power plain and simple.

Thought for the day …

We feel and know that we are eternal.
— Baruch Spinoza, born on this date in 1631

When the days dwindle down …

… The American Scholar: “I’m Done” - Michael Dirda. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)


Should older writers keep at it until they breathe their last? It’s a hard call. Sophocles supposedly brought out Oedipus at Colonus when he was in his 80s. The elderly Tolstoy turned himself into an Old Testament prophet, producing cranky attacks on Shakespeare and numerous political and religious tracts. Yet he also wrote Hadji Murad, one of his greatest works (and a particular favorite of Harold Bloom).

Love story …

Admirable Things: Rebecca West's Travels Through America | The New Republic. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

America is a continent with which one can have innumerable love-affairs. I am not monogamous myself in my passion for the Mississippi. There are times when I think with as insistent a longing for a place named Bingham, which is in the state of Utah. It is a mining-camp. One drives in one’s automobile on noble roads planted with poplars over a green and fertile plain (it was desert till the Mormons irrigated it) to a canyon that drives a wedge into the foothills of the snow-peaked mountains. There is one long winding street of wooden houses, paintless, dilapidated; some with verandas on which men in broad hats sit in rocking chairs, spitting slowly and with an infinity of sagacity; some with plate glass windows, on which the washed-off word “saloon” still shows as a pathetic shadow, which are eating-houses of incredible bareness and dinginess, some others with plate-glass windows that show you men on high chairs with white sheets round them being shaved, and tin cans everywhere. Then at the end of the street one comes on a mountain of copper.

Thought for the day …

Wittgenstein, huddled in silence on his chair, stammered quietly from time to time. He was committed to absolute honesty. Nothing --- nothing at all --- was to escape analysis. He had nothing up his sleeve; he had nothing to teach. The world was an absolute puzzle, a great lump of opaque pig iron. Can we think about the lump? What is thought? What is the meaning of can, can we, of can we think? What is the meaning of we? If we answer these questions on Monday, are the answers valid on Tuesday? If I answer them at all, do I think the answer, believe the answer, know the answer, or imagine the answer?
— Guy Davenport, born on this date in 1927

Thursday, November 22, 2012

For the occasion …

… John Henry Newman on Christian Thanksgiving. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

We are not our own, any more than what we possess is our own. . . .We are God’s property by creation, by redemption, by regeneration. He has a triple claim upon us. Is it not our happiness thus to view the matter? Is it any happiness, or any comfort, to consider that we are our own? It may be thought so by the young and prosperous. These may think it a great thing to have everything, as they suppose, their own way, — to depend on no one, — to have to think of nothing out of sight, — to be without the irksomeness of continual acknowledgment, continual prayer, continual reference of what they do to the will of another. But as time goes on, they, as all men, will find that independence was not made for man — that it is an unnatural state — may do for a while, but will not carry us on safely to the end. No, we are creatures; and, as being such, we have two duties, to be resigned and to be thankful.

Language skills …

… The Hilarious Pessimist. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

Actually, Peter Cook perfected this long before Entwistle.


No 98-pound weakling …

… Book Trailer for The World’s Strongest Librarian. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

If the embed doesn't work, click on the title within the frame.


More on that prize …

… Bad sex in good books | The Book Haven.

 I reviewed last year's winner, David Guterson's Ed King. As I said in the review, the bad sex was the least of its problems.

Problematically religious …

… Anecdotal Evidence: `There Always Seems So Much to Guard Against'.

Of course, I suspect religion is problematic for everyone who is genuinely religious.

Together at last …

… Art and Sex and Very Small Birds | The New Psalmanazar. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)


The goldcrests that Nige mentions here are kinglets.

Degrees of separation …

… Transmissions from a Lone Star: Texas Independence Now! | Columnists | RIA Novosti.

Personally, I don’t doubt that Texas would be very successful if it became a country. The state has the 14th largest economy in the world: bigger than Australia’s. But the vast majority of Texans believe that they are better off inside the USA and so the secession movement is extremely weak. I know this because last year I attended a meeting of the Texas Nationalists on the 175th anniversary of Texas independence. Although they claimed to have 250,000 members they could barely scrape together 30 folk to fill a room in a hotel built on the historical grounds of the Alamo itself. They were gentle, peaceful people: every now and then a speaker would look out the window at the old mission house and cry.

Thought for the day …

Man is more interesting than men. God made him and not them in his image. Each one is more precious than all.
— André Gide, born on this date 1869

Life, interrupted...

...Decoding Alan Turing
In 1951, he had a few sexual encounters with a 19-year-old working class boy, Arnold Murray, and his house was burgled by one of Murray’s pals. During investigations, the police learnt about the gay activity. Turing had never made a secret of his orientation and he was hardly the only gay don. But he had got caught. He had to undergo a course of hormonal injections — a so-called experiment in “chemical castration”. He also came under relentless surveillance. Although he bore up with apparent good grace and continued with various lines of research, he was forced out of “sensitive” work. In June 1954, he ate a cyanide-laced apple.

Belated recognition...

...C S Lewis deserves his place in Poets’ Corner
It was not simply that Lewis had written children’s stories that captivated their readers. Lewis developed these stories as vehicles of theological exploration, allowing him to explore sophisticated ideas without compromising the pace of his narrative or losing the patience of his readers. Narnia, Lewis later explained, was about “supposals”. Suppose God did become incarnate in a world like Narnia. What would this look like? More importantly, what would it feel like to be part of this world?

Or get a sense of humor …

 Assume Joke Dead. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

The fact is, political junkies tend to be humorless and parochial.

My brother, the painter …

… The Artist I Grew Up With by Tim Parks | NYRblog | The New York Review of Books. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

They were paintings of suburban London. It was a world John and I had shared in our teens: the terraced streets and windy intersections of Crouch End and Muswell Hill, Willesden and Brixton, places I supposed he despised. In paint, however, he had transformed them into landscapes of longing, spaces at once absolutely authentic in their clutter and decay, yet at the same time infinitely desirable—to the point of seeming unavailable. It was odd. On the one hand you had the impression of realism, but it was a realism lavished on such quiet and unassuming scenes—park benches and flower beds, trains rattling by sagging fences, pedestrians escaping from red buses—that you felt there was something absurd or even magical about it. The paintings were nostalgic and funny.

Neat idea, messy book.

… Antifragile: How to Live in a World We Don't Understand by Nassim Nicholas Taleb – review | Books | The Guardian. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

Taleb seems to have decided not just to explain his idea but also to try to exemplify it. One of his bugbears is the fragility of most of what passes for "knowledge" – especially the kind produced by academics – which he thinks is so hung up on order and completeness that it falls apart at the first breath of disruption. So he has gone for deliberate disorder: Antifragile jumps around from aphorism to anecdote to technical analysis, interspersed with a certain amount of hectoring encouragement to the reader to keep up. The aim, apparently, is to show how much more interesting an argument can be if it resists being pinned down.

Riposte . (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

Thought for the day …

No God without a world, and no world without God.
— Friedrich Schleiermacher, born on this date in 1768

Our unexamined media …

 The subtlety of media myths: A ‘New Yorker’ brief and the napalm-attack myth — Media Myth Alert.

The real problem here us the credulousness of today's media and their reluctance or inability to verify things before they write about them. Another case of journalism school creating piss-poor journalists.

Exegetical exactitude …

… Annals of Biography: Angels and Ages : The New Yorker.

Even with the Gettysburg Address, despite our possession of what seem to be two drafts and what are certainly several later copies in Lincoln’s own hand, there are many arguments about exactly what Lincoln said. Gabor Boritt, in his book “The Gettysburg Gospel,” has a thirty-page appendix that compares what Lincoln (probably) read at the memorial with what people heard and reported. Most of the differences are small, and due to understandable confusions—“The world will little note nor long remember what we say here” became in some reports “The world will little heed what we say here”—or to impatience on the part of a reporter. (The Centralia Sentinel, of Lincoln’s home state, wanting nothing to do with fancy talk, had the speech begin, simply, “Ninety years ago . . .”)

Hmm …

… Marco Rubio and the media’s curiously inconsistent approach to science. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

Yes, the worst sin isn’t even supposing that a prevailing view might be questioned but, rather, giving comfort to creationists. Dunh dunh dunh!


This prompted me to look up the definition of creationist. According to the Free Online Dictionary it is this:  "Belief in the literal interpretation of the account of the creation of the universe and of all living things related in the Bible."  Which is what I thought it meant. So I, who believe in a Creator, am not a creationist, since I don't take the Biblical account of creation literally. So, while Nagel's book might provide some material for someone like myself to defend my belief in a creator, it provides no help whatsoever in defending the notion that the Biblical account of creation is meant to be taken literally. So Blackburn, in his New Statesman review, either doesn't know what he's talking about or is equivocating.





Disturbing vision …

… Christ the Stranger: The Theology of Rowan Williams | Books and Culture.

With skill and a keen eye for what makes for a helpful summary, Myers charts the way in which Williams relentlessly returns, like a finger finding its way back to a still-unhealed wound, to the themes of God's elusiveness, God's refusal to satisfy our yearning, our quest for uncomplicated assurance. One could take the subtitle of Williams' 2000 book of Lenten meditations, Christ on Trial, as an apt epigram for his theology as a whole: "the Gospel unsettles our judgment."

Thought for the day …

There is always a third possibility, as long as you have the ability to find it.
— Selma Lagerlöf, born on this date in 1858

Monday, November 19, 2012

On civility …

… Keith Burgess-Jackson: Alvin Plantinga on the New Atheists. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

KBJ is obviously a civil atheist, as I hope I am civil theist. Dawkins is actually a faux scientist. (When was the last research you did on anything, Dickie? You talk a good line about science, but fail to actually practice it.) Is that uncivil? Can one be uncivil to the uncivil?

Progressives, take note …

 In Abstentia Out: Progress.


… progress is a very simple notion and process, that is, one begins from some point and progresses from there. The word simply relates to movement. And so within the whole process of Progress in the modern sense from, lets simplify, the Industrial Revolution onwards, a process of was set in motion along whose tracks mankind has deigned to progress, i.e. to move; or as Webster's Dictionary describes 'progress': forward movement in time or place . However so deeply ingrained has become the misuse of 'progress' that automatically once it is mentioned in this sense a kind of mental lever is switched in the mind, and instead of progress simply inferring movement along a certain course, it is universally implied that this movement includes inescapably an ever more unfolding utopia along the pathways of this movement. The word has been completely distorted to signify that rather than simply movement in a certain direction Progress also implies that this movement is to somewhere better than earlier inhabited.
Also, as C.S. Lewis observed, if you discover you're going in the wrong direction, progress consists in retracing your steps.

Becoming Mr. Eliot …

… he grew old - bookforum.com / current issue. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

The story these volumes tell is so fascinating that I could not put them down. The young Tom Eliot, who graduated from Harvard in 1910 and set out for a year of study in Paris, is a figure straight out of a Henry James novel—a self-conscious, aesthetically inclined innocent abroad in an age when Puritan norms still ruled the American scene.

More than mere literature …


… Atheist of the Book | The Weekly Standard.

It is no coincidence that in the great enterprise of Daf Yomi—studying a page of Talmud each day until completion over seven years—the participants are overwhelmingly orthodox. The rationale for the nonbeliever begins with the texts’ beauty, but there are many beautiful texts; arguing simply for their wisdom enters Jewish texts in fierce competition, with everything from great literature to the latest tract of self-help. The text-lover pleads that you should read it because it is yours, but we all know how careless people are with their cultural inheritances. If it is mine, what need have I of the effort to acquire it?

Boy, do I enjoy reading what David writes. I may be Catholic, but I think of him as my rabbi.

Uncertainty and error …

… Book Review: The Half-Life of Facts - WSJ.com. (Hat tip, Dave Lull.)

Copying errors, it turns out, aren't uncommon and fall into characteristic patterns, such as deletions and duplications—exactly the sorts of mistakes that geneticists have identified in DNA. Using approaches adapted from genetics, paleographers—scientists who study ancient writing—use these accumulated errors to trace the age and origins of a document, much in the same way biologists use the accumulation of genetic mutations to assess how similar two species are to each other. For example, by analyzing the oddities and duplicated errors in the 58 surviving versions of "The Wife of Bath's Prologue" from Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales," researchers deduced the content of the original version.